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The O-ring (O-Ring Seal) is an elastic ring with a circular cross-section, widely used in static and dynamic sealing applications due to its simple structure, excellent sealing performance, low cost, and strong adaptability. Below are its primary uses and classifications:
Face Sealing: Used between two fixed surfaces to prevent liquid or gas leakage.
Examples: Flange connections, pipe end caps, hydraulic cylinder covers, and enclosure sealing.
Radial Sealing: Used for fixed sealing between shafts and holes (e.g., piston and cylinder fit).
Reciprocating Motion Seals:
Sealing for hydraulic/pneumatic piston rods, cylinders, and oil cylinders.
Rotary Motion Seals (under limited conditions):
Low-speed rotating shaft seals (requires lubrication to reduce friction and heat).
Oscillating Seals:
Joint sealing (e.g., robotic arms, valves).
Hydraulic & Pneumatic Systems: Sealing oil, water, or air (e.g., excavator cylinders, pneumatic valves).
Automotive Industry: Engine, transmission, fuel systems, brake systems (e.g., fuel line fittings).
Aerospace: Fuel lines, oxygen systems, and high-pressure hydraulic seals.
Medical Equipment: Infusion pumps, ventilators (sterile environment sealing).
Household Appliances: Dishwasher, washing machine hose connections.
Energy Industry: Oil pipelines, valves, and corrosion-resistant pump seals.
High/Low Temperature: Uses fluorocarbon rubber (FKM) or silicone rubber (VMQ).
Chemical Resistance: Perfluoroelastomer (FFKM) or PTFE-coated O-rings.
High Pressure: Requires anti-extrusion backup rings (e.g., ultra-high-pressure hydraulic seals).
Dust Seals: Prevents contaminants from entering machinery (e.g., bearing seals).
Cushioning: Absorbs vibrations in precision instruments.
Material Selection: Choose rubber/synthetic materials (NBR, EPDM, FKM, etc.) based on media (oil, acid, alkali), temperature, and pressure.
Groove Design: Sealing efficiency depends on proper groove dimensions and compression ratio (typically 10%-30%).
Dynamic Wear: High-speed or long-term reciprocating motion requires periodic replacement.
O-rings are hailed as the "king of seals" for their versatility, but extreme conditions (e.g., high-speed rotation, ultra-high pressure) may require combined sealing solutions (e.g., Step seals, Glyd rings).
